EC-4044 (650-0808) Features Faxback Doc. # 3481 The EC-4044 advanced programmable scientific calculator is designed to perform many advanced functions and specialized operations that are useful in technical subjects. It can serve as a valuable tool both in school and in your career. Alphanumeric The display uses letters, numbers, and other symbols to Display show calculation entries including function names, operations, numeric values, and commands. Some activities help you along by placing prompts in the display. The display also has numerous indicators to show you the current settings and status. Solutions to a The display prompts you for the coefficients and labels System of results, making it easy to enter and solve a system of Simultaneous simultaneous equations. The system can be up to fifth Equations order, with either real or complex coefficients. Extensive The EC-4044 allows you to perform calculations with Complex complex numbers in a natural, straightforward sequence. Numbers The functions that can handle complex numbers include arithmetic, reciprocal, powers and roots, logarithms, hyperbolic functions, and trigonometric functions. Real numbers and complex numbers can be used easily within the same calculation. While most other calculators stop with an error when a complex number should result, the EC-4044 excels by providing a complex result. Choice of Because you may need a resulting complex number to be Complex Number displayed in rectangular form or in polar form, the Forms calculator has settings for both forms. An entry also can be in either form. You can even convert a complex number between the rectangular and polar forms. Last Equation Allows recalling, checking, and editing of the last Replay calculated equation. Allows you to replay the previous equation even if you have started a new equation. Convenient In addition to the many standard scientific functions, Functions the calculator has built-in combinations, permutations, hyperbolic functions, and metric conversions. Formulas and The calculator has 440 bytes in 55 registers of memory Integration space, enabling you to save simple or sophisticated calculation tasks. Entering your own formula is easy because it is much like entering an ordinary calculation. After entering a formula, you can evaluate or integrate it. Alphanumeric You can use meaningful abbreviations for the names of Variable Names variables and formulas. A Name can be letters or a combination of letters and numbers. Polynomial Given the coefficients of a second-, third-, or fourth- Roots order polynomial, the calculator finds all real and complex roots of the polynomial. Statistics with You can enter a data set of either one- or two-variable Linear observations. The results depend on whether the data Regression set is one- or two-variable entries. For a two variable data set, the calculator determines a regression line. Choice of In addition to the decimal number system, the Number Bases calculator enables you to perform integer operations with hexadecimal (base 16, octal (base 8), and binary (base 2) numbers. You also can convert between number bases. Calculation By including three selectable angle units and Flexibility conversions between them; along with settings for standard, scientific, engineering, and fixed-decimal notation; and also a set of symbols that give special meaning to a number, the calculator gives you control over the appearance of entries and results. Constant When you turn off the calculator, the Constant Memory Memory feature retains the entries you have stored so that you Feature can use them when you turn the calculator on again. APD To extend the life of the calculator's battery, the APD Automatic Automatic Power Down feature automatically turns off Power Down the calculator after a few minutes if you do not press Feature a key. You can resume operation by turning on the calculator. This guidebook is written to meet your needs, provided you have experience with scientific calculators and already know some advanced math. Choosing the The wide variety of available calculators enables you EC-4044 to choose one that fits your specific calculation needs. Because you have chosen the EC4044, you probably already know some general concepts of scientific calculators. Your Knowledge This guidebook does not attempt to explain widely of Functions taught functions, but it does show each function in one or more examples. For mathematical descriptions of the functions, consult other sources such as textbooks, classroom instruction, or a library. Key Symbol A key symbol can appear in: Conventions -> A box, meaning that the key is a primary function such as SIN. -> Square brackets, meaning that the key is a second or third function such as 2nd [D] or 3rd [->DEC]. -> Angle brackets, meaning that the key is a nonalphabetic alpha function such as ALPHA . The ON and 2nd [OFF] keys turn the calculator on and off. The Constant Memory feature retains stored entries even when you turn off the calculator. If you forget to turn the calculator off, the APD Automatic Power Down feature turns it off for you. Effects of When the calculator is off and you press ON, the Turning the display shows a variety of alternatives, depending on Calculator ON what occurred when the calculator was turned off. -> If you pressed 2nd [OFF] to turn off the calculator, turning it on places a cursor in the empty display, and all settings remain in effect. The calculator is ready for your entries. -> If the battery was replaced, turning the calculator on shows the message Mem cleared, and all settings are reset to their defaults. -> If APD turned off the calculator, turning the calculator on resumes any entry or sequence that was in progress. Some indicators also appear at the top of the display area and are described later in this chapter. When the You can use the calculator more effectively if you know Calculator Is some fundamental concepts concerning its design. Turned On -> The calculator's display shows the numbers being entered and the operations to be performed on the numbers. You can review all of a problem in the entry line before computing the result. To obtain the result, press =ENTER. -> The calculator has several settings that you can adjust to select the way results appear. These settings are discussed later in this chapter. -> The calculator does not confine different kinds of numbers (such as numbers in different bases) to specific "modes." By including certain symbols with a number, you can use it along with any other kind of number in any appropriate calculation. Effects of Depending on the activities you may have been Turning the performing prior to turning off the calculator, it Calculator Off retains certain items and clears others. Settings, stored entries, and the last equation and its result (if these are present) are always retained. Activity Effect of Pressing 2nd [OFF] Entering a problem The current entry is cleared. Viewing a result The result is saved as the last answer, and the display is cleared. Advancing through The sequence is exited, and the display is cleared. sequenced entries or results. Waiting for a Any turn-off attempt is ignored. computation to reach completion. APD Feature To conserve battery power, the APD Automatic Power Down feature automatically turns off the calculator if you do not press any key for a few minutes. In contrast to pressing 2nd [Off], any entry or activity that was in progress when APD turned the calculator off is resumed when you press ON. The Display Area The display shows 12 characters of the entry line. Each character is a 5 x 7 dot matrix. There are also indicators for many of the settings and alternate functions, and for when information is beyond the display. Dedicated punctuation can combine with the dot matrix characters to enhance results. Display Indicator Meaning Indicators 3rd The calculator will access the third function of the next key pressed. 2nd The calculator will access the second function of the next key pressed. A, A When A appears, the calculator will type the alpha symbol of only the next key pressed; and when A appears, alpha lock is in effect and the keys will type alpha symbols until the alpha lock is turned off. INV The calculator will access the inverse function of the next key pressed. HYP The calculator will access the hyperbolic function of the next key pressed. D, R, G When D appears, angle units are set to degrees; when R appears, angle units are set to radians; and when G appears, angle units are set to grads. HEX When HEX appears, the default number base OCT is hexadecimal; when OCT appears, the BIN default number base is octal; when BIN appears, the default number base is binary; and when none of these indicators appears, the default number base is decimal. RE, PO When RE appears, a complex result is shown as rectangular coordinates; and when PO appears, a complex result is shown as polar coordinates. SC, EN When SC appears, scientific notation is selected; when EN appears, engineering notation is selected; and when neither of these indicators appears, standard notation is selected. INS Numbers and functions will be inserted at the current cursor position. 13 When 13 appears, 13-digit precision is selected; and when this does not appear, 10 digit precision is selected. <-,-> When <- appears, information is past the left end of the display; and when -> appears, information is past the right end of the display. You can scroll to see the rest of the line by pressing <- or ->. These keys repeat when held down. BACK When BACK appears, the display is showing NEXT the last entry or result in a sequence; and when NEXT appears, more of the sequence is after the current number. You can advance either direction through a sequence by pressing 2nd [NEXT] or 2nd [BACK]. Dedicated Entries can occupy only the dot matrix characters. Punctuation in However, a result often appears using some dedicated Results punctuation along with the dot matrix characters. This accompanying punctuation enables more of a result to appear than would otherwise be possible in 12 characters. The dedicated punctuation is: Leftmost parenthesis "(" This begins a complex number. Leftmost negative sign "-" This begins a negative number. Embedded decimal "." This is a decimal point. Embedded comma " , " This separates parts of a rectangular complex number. Rightmost parenthesis ")" This ends a complex number. For some of the settings, the following concepts are important. Angle Units The angle units determine whether the calculator interprets angles for trigonometric functions as degrees, radians, or grads. This setting also determines how you should interpret angles that result from inverse trigonometric functions. These units are defined by the angle of a full circle: 360 degrees = 2Pie radians = 400 grads. It is possible to show a result whose expected angle units do not match the angle units indicators. By selecting the appropriate angle units manually, you can avoid an angle units discrepancy. Complex Number The complex number form determines how a result is Form shown. It does not affect the way you enter a Complex number. The rectangular form shows the number as real and imaginary parts, and the polar form shows the number as the magnitude and angle in the currently selected angle units. Notation The notation determines how a result is shown. It does not affect the way you enter a number. Both scientific and engineering notation state a number as a value multiplied by 10 raised to a power. However, the exponent is adjusted to a multiple of three for engineering notation. Fixed Decimal Format The fixed decimal format is a way of writing a number with a predetermined number of digits after the decimal. By using the fixed decimal format, you can set all results to appear with a uniform degree of accuracy, without affecting the internal value maintained by the calculator. Selecting Fixed To set the number of decimal places, press 2nd [FIX] Decimal Format followed by the appropriate digit key (0 through 9). To remove the fixed decimal setting and return to floating decimal, press 2nd [FIX] . . When you have pressed 2nd [FIX] but have not completed the selection, the current entry disappears until you press a digit key, ., or CLEAR. Then the previous display is restored. Effects of When a fixed decimal format is selected, standard Fixed Decimal results appear with a specific number of places past Format the decimal. -> If a result has more than the selected number of decimal places, the result is shown rounded. -> If a result has fewer than the selected number of decimal places, trailing zeros appear with the number. -> If a result is in scientific or engineering notation, deg/min/sec format, or a nondecimal number base, the fixed decimal setting is ignored. Performing calculations with a fixed decimal format selected does not affect the internal value. Sequenced Activities Sequenced activities are those in which the calculator leads you through a sequence. In a sequenced activity, you may be responding to the calculator's questions, providing numbers for prompted coefficients, or viewing answers in a solution set. Features That You encounter a sequenced activity when: Include a Sequenced -> You use keys that clear certain areas of the Activity calculator for which the calculator requires confirmation. 3rd [RESET] 3rd [CFV] 2nd [CS] 3rd [CVs] Pressing 2nd [EXIT] leaves this type of sequence. Advancing You can advance either direction when reviewing Grouped Through Grouped entries by pressing 2nd [NEXT] or 2nd [BACK]. Entries In most of the activities, you can substitute =ENTER for 2nd [NEXT]. Responding to a Ordinarily you must press ALPHA before typing Y or N. Yes/No Prompt However, when responding to one of the calculator's yes/no prompts, you can omit pressing ALPHA. -> To respond yes, press =ENTER, which is the key shared by Y. -> To respond no, press 9, which is the key shared by N. Viewing Grouped When the calculator is presenting a group of results, Results the NEXT indicator appears with each result until you advance to the last one. Then the BACK indicator appears. To advance through grouped results, press =ENTER, 2nd [NEXT], or 2nd [BACK]. Advancing past the last result of the group returns you to the first result. (br/all-12/08/94)